Revision as of 03:17, 19 July 2014

HFE is named after High Fe (iron), and unusually is not named after its associated disease hemochromatosis that led to the genes identification. The gene products known function is to regulate iron absorption by interacting with the transferrin receptor (TfR). Both HFE and transferrin (Tf) compete with each other for binding to the receptor (TfR)^[1]. Tf binds to iron in the form of diferric transferrin (Fe-Tf or holo-Tf^[2]) and in turn binds to free TfR which imports the iron into the cell by an endocytosis cycle^[3]. The peptide hormone hepcidin is produced in the liver, increased hepcidin levels inhibit iron uptake by degrading the ferroportin (Fpn) iron exporter to the blood. Unbound HFE in the presence of holo-Tf also induces higher transcription levels of hepcidin via an unclear mechanism^[4]. When the normal function of HFE is disrupted by mutation the result can be HFE hereditary hemochromatosis or toxic iron overload.

OMIM: 613609[1] NCBI Gene: 3077[2]

DNA Sequence

HFE is located on chromosome 6 in humans, in 7 exons over 12 kbp.

Cytogenetic location: 6p22.2

Genomic coordinates (GRCh37): 6:26,087,421 - 26,096,437

RNA Sequence

There are several alternatively spliced variants of HFE.

>gi|91718876|ref|NM_000410.3| Homo sapiens hemochromatosis (HFE), transcript variant 1, mRNA
CTAAAGTTCTGAAAGACCTGTTGCTTTTCACCAGGAAGTTTTACTGGGCATCTCCTGAGCCTAGGCAATA
GCTGTAGGGTGACTTCTGGAGCCATCCCCGTTTCCCCGCCCCCCAAAAGAAGCGGAGATTTAACGGGGAC
GTGCGGCCAGAGCTGGGGAAATGGGCCCGCGAGCCAGGCCGGCGCTTCTCCTCCTGATGCTTTTGCAGAC
CGCGGTCCTGCAGGGGCGCTTGCTGCGTTCACACTCTCTGCACTACCTCTTCATGGGTGCCTCAGAGCAG
GACCTTGGTCTTTCCTTGTTTGAAGCTTTGGGCTACGTGGATGACCAGCTGTTCGTGTTCTATGATCATG
AGAGTCGCCGTGTGGAGCCCCGAACTCCATGGGTTTCCAGTAGAATTTCAAGCCAGATGTGGCTGCAGCT
GAGTCAGAGTCTGAAAGGGTGGGATCACATGTTCACTGTTGACTTCTGGACTATTATGGAAAATCACAAC
CACAGCAAGGAGTCCCACACCCTGCAGGTCATCCTGGGCTGTGAAATGCAAGAAGACAACAGTACCGAGG
GCTACTGGAAGTACGGGTATGATGGGCAGGACCACCTTGAATTCTGCCCTGACACACTGGATTGGAGAGC
AGCAGAACCCAGGGCCTGGCCCACCAAGCTGGAGTGGGAAAGGCACAAGATTCGGGCCAGGCAGAACAGG
GCCTACCTGGAGAGGGACTGCCCTGCACAGCTGCAGCAGTTGCTGGAGCTGGGGAGAGGTGTTTTGGACC
AACAAGTGCCTCCTTTGGTGAAGGTGACACATCATGTGACCTCTTCAGTGACCACTCTACGGTGTCGGGC
CTTGAACTACTACCCCCAGAACATCACCATGAAGTGGCTGAAGGATAAGCAGCCAATGGATGCCAAGGAG
TTCGAACCTAAAGACGTATTGCCCAATGGGGATGGGACCTACCAGGGCTGGATAACCTTGGCTGTACCCC
CTGGGGAAGAGCAGAGATATACGTGCCAGGTGGAGCACCCAGGCCTGGATCAGCCCCTCATTGTGATCTG
GGAGCCCTCACCGTCTGGCACCCTAGTCATTGGAGTCATCAGTGGAATTGCTGTTTTTGTCGTCATCTTG
TTCATTGGAATTTTGTTCATAATATTAAGGAAGAGGCAGGGTTCAAGAGGAGCCATGGGGCACTACGTCT
TAGCTGAACGTGAGTGACACGCAGCCTGCAGACTCACTGTGGGAAGGAGACAAAACTAGAGACTCAAAGA
GGGAGTGCATTTATGAGCTCTTCATGTTTCAGGAGAGAGTTGAACCTAAACATAGAAATTGCCTGACGAA
CTCCTTGATTTTAGCCTTCTCTGTTCATTTCCTCAAAAAGATTTCCCCATTTAGGTTTCTGAGTTCCTGC
ATGCCGGTGATCCCTAGCTGTGACCTCTCCCCTGGAACTGTCTCTCATGAACCTCAAGCTGCATCTAGAG
GCTTCCTTCATTTCCTCCGTCACCTCAGAGACATACACCTATGTCATTTCATTTCCTATTTTTGGAAGAG
GACTCCTTAAATTTGGGGGACTTACATGATTCATTTTAACATCTGAGAAAAGCTTTGAACCCTGGGACGT
GGCTAGTCATAACCTTACCAGATTTTTACACATGTATCTATGCATTTTCTGGACCCGTTCAACTTTTCCT
TTGAATCCTCTCTCTGTGTTACCCAGTAACTCATCTGTCACCAAGCCTTGGGGATTCTTCCATCTGATTG
TGATGTGAGTTGCACAGCTATGAAGGCTGTACACTGCACGAATGGAAGAGGCACCTGTCCCAGAAAAAGC
ATCATGGCTATCTGTGGGTAGTATGATGGGTGTTTTTAGCAGGTAGGAGGCAAATATCTTGAAAGGGGTT
GTGAAGAGGTGTTTTTTCTAATTGGCATGAAGGTGTCATACAGATTTGCAAAGTTTAATGGTGCCTTCAT
TTGGGATGCTACTCTAGTATTCCAGACCTGAAGAATCACAATAATTTTCTACCTGGTCTCTCCTTGTTCT
GATAATGAAAATTATGATAAGGATGATAAAAGCACTTACTTCGTGTCCGACTCTTCTGAGCACCTACTTA
CATGCATTACTGCATGCACTTCTTACAATAATTCTATGAGATAGGTACTATTATCCCCATTTCTTTTTTA
AATGAAGAAAGTGAAGTAGGCCGGGCACGGTGGCTCACGCCTGTAATCCCAG

Codons without UTRs

ATGGGCCCGCGAGCCAGGCCGGCGCTTCTCCTCCTGATGCTTTTGCAGACCGCGGTCCTGCAGGGGCGCTTGCTGCGTTCACACTCTCTGCACTACCTCTTCATGGGTGCCTCAGAGCAGGACCTTGGTCTTTCCTTGTTTGAAGCTTTGGGCTACGTGGATGACCAGCTGTTCGTGTTCTATGATCATGAGAGTCGCCGTGTGGAGCCCCGAACTCCATGGGTTTCCAGTAGAATTTCAAGCCAGATGTGGCTGCAGCTGAGTCAGAGTCTGAAAGGGTGGGATCACATGTTCACTGTTGACTTCTGGACTATTATGGAAAATCACAACCACAGCAAGGAGTCCCACACCCTGCAGGTCATCCTGGGCTGTGAAATGCAAGAAGACAACAGTACCGAGGGCTACTGGAAGTACGGGTATGATGGGCAGGACCACCTTGAATTCTGCCCTGACACACTGGATTGGAGAGCAGCAGAACCCAGGGCCTGGCCCACCAAGCTGGAGTGGGAAAGGCACAAGATTCGGGCCAGGCAGAACAGGGCCTACCTGGAGAGGGACTGCCCTGCACAGCTGCAGCAGTTGCTGGAGCTGGGGAGAGGTGTTTTGGACCAACAAGTGCCTCCTTTGGTGAAGGTGACACATCATGTGACCTCTTCAGTGACCACTCTACGGTGTCGGGCCTTGAACTACTACCCCCAGAACATCACCATGAAGTGGCTGAAGGATAAGCAGCCAATGGATGCCAAGGAGTTCGAACCTAAAGACGTATTGCCCAATGGGGATGGGACCTACCAGGGCTGGATAACCTTGGCTGTACCCCCTGGGGAAGAGCAGAGATATACGTGCCAGGTGGAGCACCCAGGCCTGGATCAGCCCCTCATTGTGATCTGGGAGCCCTCACCGTCTGGCACCCTAGTCATTGGAGTCATCAGTGGAATTGCTGTTTTTGTCGTCATCTTGTTCATTGGAATTTTGTTCATAATATTAAGGAAGAGGCAGGGTTCAAGAGGAGCCATGGGGCACTACGTCTTAGCTGAACGTGAGTGA

Protein Sequence

The protein has a signal sequence and transmembrane domain. It forms a tertiary complex with beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) and TfR. HFE has sequence and structural similarity to MHC class I-type proteins.

Uniprot[3]

NCBI Protein[4]

>gi|4504377|ref|NP_000401.1| hereditary hemochromatosis protein isoform 1 precursor [Homo sapiens]
MGPRARPALLLLMLLQTAVLQGRLLRSHSLHYLFMGASEQDLGLSLFEALGYVDDQLFVFYDHESRRVEP
RTPWVSSRISSQMWLQLSQSLKGWDHMFTVDFWTIMENHNHSKESHTLQVILGCEMQEDNSTEGYWKYGY
DGQDHLEFCPDTLDWRAAEPRAWPTKLEWERHKIRARQNRAYLERDCPAQLQQLLELGRGVLDQQVPPLV
KVTHHVTSSVTTLRCRALNYYPQNITMKWLKDKQPMDAKEFEPKDVLPNGDGTYQGWITLAVPPGEEQRY
TCQVEHPGLDQPLIVIWEPSPSGTLVIGVISGIAVFVVILFIGILFIILRKRQGSRGAMGHYVLAERE

NCBI Structure[5]

HFE (magenta) tertiary complex with beta2M (blue)^[5]

HFE (magenta and green) tertiary complex with beta2M (blue and gray) and TfR (yellow and brown)^[6]

Plot in Protter[6] with UniProt accession: Q30201

To Do

Pelham, C., Jimenez, T., Rodova, M., Rudolph, A., Chipps, E., & Islam, M. R. (2013). Regulation of HFE expression by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) through an inverted repeat DNA sequence in the distal promoter. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1829(12), 1257-1265.

Hentze, M. W., Muckenthaler, M. U., Galy, B., & Camaschella, C. (2010). Two to tango: regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism. Cell, 142(1), 24-38.

Wang, J., & Pantopoulos, K. (2011). Regulation of cellular iron metabolism. Biochem. J, 434, 365-381.

Fleming, R. E., & Ponka, P. (2012). Iron overload in human disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(4), 348-359.

Beutler, E., Felitti, V. J., Koziol, J. A., Ho, N. J., & Gelbart, T. (2002). Penetrance of 845G→ A (C282Y)< i> HFE</i> hereditary haemochromatosis mutation in the USA. The Lancet, 359(9302), 211-218.

Waheed, A., Parkkila, S., Zhou, X. Y., Tomatsu, S., Tsuchihashi, Z., Feder, J. N., ... & Sly, W. S. (1997). Hereditary hemochromatosis: effects of C282Y and H63D mutations on association with β2-microglobulin, intracellular processing, and cell surface expression of the HFE protein in COS-7 cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(23), 12384-12389.

Levy, J. E., Montross, L. K., Cohen, D. E., Fleming, M. D., & Andrews, N. C. (1999). The C282Y mutation causing hereditary hemochromatosis does not produce a null allele. Blood, 94(1), 9-11.

Waheed, A., Parkkila, S., Zhou, X. Y., Tomatsu, S., Tsuchihashi, Z., Feder, J. N., ... & Sly, W. S. (1997). Hereditary hemochromatosis: effects of C282Y and H63D mutations on association with β2-microglobulin, intracellular processing, and cell surface expression of the HFE protein in COS-7 cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(23), 12384-12389.

Mura, C., Raguenes, O., & Férec, C. (1999). HFE mutations analysis in 711 hemochromatosis probands: evidence for S65C implication in mild form of hemochromatosis. Blood, 93(8), 2502-2505.

Zhou, X. Y., Tomatsu, S., Fleming, R. E., Parkkila, S., Waheed, A., Jiang, J., ... & Sly, W. S. (1998). HFE gene knockout produces mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(5), 2492-2497.

Feder, J. N., Penny, D. M., Irrinki, A., Lee, V. K., Lebrón, J. A., Watson, N., ... & Schatzman, R. C. (1998). The hemochromatosis gene product complexes with the transferrin receptor and lowers its affinity for ligand binding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(4), 1472-1477.

Pietrangelo, A. (2004). Hereditary hemochromatosis—a new look at an old disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(23), 2383-2397.

Montosi, G., Donovan, A., Totaro, A., Garuti, C., Pignatti, E., Cassanelli, S., ... & Pietrangelo, A. (2001). Autosomal-dominant hemochromatosis is associated with a mutation in the ferroportin (SLC11A3) gene. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 108(4), 619-623.

Weiss, G. (2009). Genetic mechanisms and modifying factors in hereditary hemochromatosis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7(1), 50-58.

References

1. ↑ Lebrón, J. A., West Jr, A. P., & Bjorkman, P. J. (1999). The hemochromatosis protein HFE competes with transferrin for binding to the transferrin receptor. Journal of molecular biology, 294(1), 239-245.
2. ↑ The holo- prefix refers to a protein bound to its ligand. apo- is the unbound form of the protein.
3. ↑ Qian, Z. M., Li, H., Sun, H., & Ho, K. (2002). Targeted drug delivery via the transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Pharmacological reviews, 54(4), 561-587.
4. ↑ Gao, J., Chen, J., Kramer, M., Tsukamoto, H., Zhang, A. S., & Enns, C. A. (2009). Interaction of the hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE with transferrin receptor 2 is required for transferrin-induced hepcidin expression. Cell metabolism, 9(3), 217-227.
5. ↑ Lebron, J. A., Bennett, M. J., Vaughn, D. E., Chirino, A. J., Snow, P. M., Mintier, G. A., ... & Bjorkman, P. J. (1998). Crystal structure of the hemochromatosis protein HFE and characterization of its interaction with transferrin receptor. Cell, 93(1), 111-123.
6. ↑ Bennett, M. J., Lebrón, J. A., & Bjorkman, P. J. (2000). Crystal structure of the hereditary haemochromatosis protein HFE complexed with transferrin receptor. Nature, 403(6765), 46-53.